Microcredit - Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia

This article is specific to microcredit. Financial services to the poor, micro finance . For small payments, please refer to micropayments .

Microcredit is the extension of very small loans to those of (microloans) Poverty was designed to spur entrepreneurship . These individuals, lacking collateral , steady employment and verifiable credit history , therefore, in order to gain access to the traditional, can not meet the minimum qualifications most credit . See Also military payday leanders direct . Microcredit is a part of microfinance is the provision of a wider range of financial services to very poor.

Microcredit is a financial innovation that is generally thought to have originated in the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh . ^[1], in the country, poor and very successful it has been enabled working people to self-employment projects and to be able to generate the income they in many cases, the construction of a poverty exit and wealth ^{initiate. [ reference needed ]}

The success of microcredit, many of the traditional banking industry is beginning to realize that it should be classified as pre-bankable borrowers more accurate of these micro-credit, therefore, micro- Credit is getting more and more confidence ^{[ reference needed ]} mainstream financial industry, large financial institutions and many traditional, large-scale development organizations when it started almost everyone Even discounting the likelihood of success of microcredit, micro-credit projects are considered as a source of future growth.

The United Nations has declared 2005 International Year of Microcredit . Check out also my cash center .

Ideas about micro-credit can be found at various times in modern history.

Jonathan Swift inspired the Irish Loan Fund to the 18th and 19th centuries. ^{[2] [3]} In the mid-19th century, anarchist individualism Winnie Lai Sanders Dinner is a way to alleviate poverty first wrote about the benefits of a large number of small loans for entrepreneurial activities to the poor. ^[4] simultaneously for and independently Spooner, however, is Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen founded the first cooperative bank loans to support farmers in rural Germany . ^[5] mentioned in the part related to the idea of microcredit has the Marshall Plan at the end of World War II ^{. [ reference needed ]}

In the 1950s, Akhtar Khamis boom is oriented group started distributing credit in East Pakistan. Khan used Komiramoderu credit, but are distributed through community-based initiatives. Check out also money instantly . ^[6] The project failed due to excessive government intervention in Pakistan, and the hierarchy that is created within a particular community as a member, than the others began to exert more control over the loan. ^[6]

The origin of micro-credit for its current incarnation is practical and can be linked to several organizations that were founded in Bangladesh in particular, the Grameen Bank . Grameen Bank micro-credit institutions are considered the first modern general, was founded in 1976 by Muhammad Yunus . ^[6] Yunus, using his own money to provide low-interest small loans to poor people in rural areas, launched a project in a small town called Jobra. Grameen Bank was followed by the following organizations BRAC 1972 years of ASA 1978 ^[7] Micro-credit has reached Latin America and the establishment of PRODEM in Bolivia in 1986 and later converted to non-profit BancoSol Bank ^[10] Hundreds of organizations throughout the Third World's emerging micro-credit quickly became a popular tool for economic development. ^[6] was initially formed as a nonprofit organization that relies on government subsidies Grameen Bank, it became a corporate entity after 2002 inch renamed the Grameen II ^[seven] Dr. Muhammad Yunus was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize Award in 2006 for his work on micro-credit services to poor people. ^[9]

Microcredit, loans and credit principles to be distinguished from general, is based on a different set of. ^[Ten] LOCA has been known to take advantage of the client micro-credit institutions [Loan - Shark] was created to offer instead. ^[6], many micro-credit organizations, operating on government or private grants, which began as a nonprofit. Check out also why no iadvance button for titaniun cashplus. By 1980, influenced by "financial systems approach," neo-liberalism and propagated by Harvard University for International Development, and became the dominant ideology among micro-credit institutions. Commercialization of micro-credit, internal Yunittodesa (BRI - UD) begins to form the Bank Rakyat Indonesia , based on market interest rates "kupedes" 1984 providing microloans,. Most microcredit organizations, leading to higher interest rates and savings-oriented programs, also functions as an independent bank. ^[6] application of neoliberal economic micro-credits, at the insistence of some micro-credit bank directors that generated much discussion among scholars and development practitioners, such as Muhammad Yunus, have adopted the practice of usury for their personal enrichment. See Also milk the cow payday . ^[7] Indeed, micro-credit institutions illuminates the limits of profit-driven styles, including Wall Street scandals Compartamentos of micro-credit organization in Mexico. ^[6]

Microcredit, which emphasizes building trust ^[11] can enable micro-entrepreneurship, ^[12] Since the generation of employment ^[13] , to help themselves at a difficult time at the start of business people help you. ^[13]

While microcredit is an important part of a longer loan groups, microcredit initially began with the principle of loans to individuals. ^[7] Jobra, despite the use of a circle of solidarity in the 1970s, the Grameen Bank and initially focused on the individual loans, micro-credit institutions in other early. ^[14] Indeed, Muhammad Yunus, propagated the idea that the potential of all people become entrepreneurs. Check out also minnesota installment loans . Lending group was motivated by the use of economies of scale associated with the loan repayment monitoring and enforcement costs are so much lower in the group is distributed to individuals rather than credit. [ ^14] Often, success depends on the repayment of the loans of other members of the group of participants with loans, and transfers the responsibility off the micro-credit institutions to repay the loan recipient accordingly. See Also pocket pay day. ^[14]

BancoSol and banks to lend to women, such as NGO's and has become an important principle of micro-credit and WWB , and the Pro Women's Clothing is catering exclusively for women. . ^[14] Although the Grameen Bank is trying to finance both men and women at a rate equal to the first, women now account for 95 percent of bank customers. Women are continuing to make up 75% of all recipients of microcredit around the world. Check out also mt cash 600 . ^[14] has a higher repayment rate of Grameen Bank loans to women exclusively for women, when it was discovered that the loans tend to accept less than the men began in the 1980s. Then, using the goal of empowering women to justify their lending disproportionate number of women micro-credit institutions. ^[6] Micro-credit is a tool for socioeconomic development. ^{[15] [16]}

In the past few years, the savings-led microfinance has gained attention as an effective way to provide low-cost financial services very poor family. For example, in India , National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development ( Nabard ) on more than 500 banks that has a loan fund self-help groups (SHGs). SHGs are women from poor people, but most also contain fewer than 20 members of castes and tribes. Check out also multiple repayments payday loan . Members, a small amount of money a little like a few rupees a month for a group of funds, to be saved. Members, ranging from emergency home tuition, the group can borrow from the fund for various purposes. See Also mycash 900 . As proof that can better manage their money SHGs, they can borrow from local banks to invest in small businesses and agricultural activities. Banks typically lend up to Rs Rs in all four of the group fund. See Also money center . Group ranges from 30% to 70% typically pay interest APR , ^[17] based on whether, up 24 percent from 12 percent, flat calculations . Nearly 1.4 million SHGs constituting the SHG women in India are now about 200,000 - making it the world's largest microfinance program linkage model of bank borrowing from the bank. A similar program, with the cooperation of organizations, such as Africa and Southeast Asia has evolved IFAD , Opportunity International , Catholic Relief Services , International caring , CARE , Apmas , Oxfam , Tearfund and World Vision . Microfinance also helps economic development by giving the opportunity to establish a sustainable means of income to people everyday. The final increase in disposable income will lead to economic development and growth.

Kashiapapurotsuki and cons of Jason Goldin Institute, while a very important part of the unintended side effects of micro-credit, nevertheless, admit that "a great potential as a tool for poverty alleviation." ^{1 ]}

Islam Tazul evidence "suggests that business and to demonstrate the positive impact of household income and asset accumulation, household consumption , and a positive impact on social welfare indicators ( education , spending on health and nutrition ) " ^[18].

Abudulai, which claims to improve the micro-credit standard of living by raising awareness to help, decision making , and reduce poverty among rural beneficiaries ^{[19] [20].} In this respect, according to Kuhn Chesuton and micro-credit programs have the potential to transform power relations and empower poor men and women both - ^[21]. As for women, empowerment , Mr. Goetz and Gupta indicates that women experience higher negotiating and decision making as they bring a lot more, the power of the family income for families ^{[22] .} Increase in household income, the higher consumption standards, under the influence trickles education for children , and better nutrition ^[23] .

Additionally, Putnam has asserted that dense networks have been shown to be positively correlated with political society in democracy and economic growth is reinforced by evidence, such as economic stagnation followed by decline in the stock of social capital to community and communities ^{[24] to} . In the last 10 or 20 years so we've seen a shift in development discourse "basic needs" or from the welfare approach to poverty reduction and alternative approaches to the use of social capital identified in social networks resources can be developed as fuel from the bottom, up the joint life ^[25].

Principles of Micro-credit has been applied even when trying to solve some non-poverty related issues. See Also jackson hewitt montel. Among these, the organization of Internet-based Multiple has developed a platform that facilitates a modified form of loans to Peer single loan has not been made in the form of direct loan, and aggregation number, a number of loans a small If, at minimal interest rates. Check out also mo money . There are several ways that you can participate in poverty alleviation by using the public platform for the Web.

The new platform to connect entrepreneurs micro financial institutions, has emerged on the Web, for example, Fang , Zidisha is , lending for peace , Microloan Foundation , and Imicroinvest . See Also military loans uk . Another of the WWW-based microlender prosperity of the United States, microlending model uses a variation of the usual U.S. prosperity and micro-lenders to provide loan guarantees to local banks to double their money back micro entrpreneur. Prosperity of the United States, claims to offer both a high degree of leverage, which allows you to develop a local bank and credit history for future financing micro entrepreneurs. In 2009, non-profit organization based in the U.S. Zidisha has become the first peer microlending platform to link lenders and borrowers directly without mediation of cross-border region. ^[26] is Vittana allows for peer to peer loans student loans in developing countries. See Also military payday loans san diego . ^[27]

Microcredit is not a poor country, is not provided by one of the world's richest country United States 37 million people (12.6%) live below the poverty line. ^[28] Among other organizations that provide microloans in the U.S. , ^{[29] [30]} Grameen Bank started its operation in New York in April 2008. According to economist Jonathan Morduch of New York University and I think it is difficult to escape poverty through private sector people, microloans, the U.S. has little ^{appeal. [ citation needed ]} Bank of America, a nonprofit organization that used to back the microloan program has announced plans to award more than $ 3.7 million grant. ^[31]

Micro-loans, including Israel other developed countries are getting a real boost to the model ^[32] Russia, from Ukraine and culture in the mainstream business community is also a given micro-loans for small business entrepreneurs is used to overcome barriers. Israel Free Loan Association (IFLA) will have to borrow more than $ 100 million in the past 20 years Israeli citizens of all ^{backgrounds. [ reference needed ]}

Even so, for example, efforts to replicate the Grameen-style solidarity lending in developed countries generally have been unsuccessful. For example, Calmeadow Foundation, the 1990s, Canada and similar peer lending model to test the three locations in Toronto and Vancouver, cities and rural Nova Scotia. It is the difficulty of reaching the target market, high-risk profile of the client and their general disgust for the requirements of collective responsibility, made solidarity lending costs is not feasible without subsidies, and high overhead concluded that various factors, including the. ^[33] However, subsidies should discuss justified as an alternative to grant the other targeted to the poor entrepreneurs, and continue about whether that is VanCity Credit Union took over the operation of the Vancouver Calmeadow but, to use to continue lending ^{P2P. [ citation needed ]}

Some organizations, however, was able to find a successful model of microfinance has come to the United States. Accion USA , a well-known U.S. subsidiary of Accion International , at least, 90% repayment rate has been 1. See Also money leaned .17 billion dollars to provide microloans to the United States since ^{1991. [ reference needed ]}

Jinanefu ^[34] Left Business Observer, the privatization of a public safety net programs, which describes the motion of micro-credit. ^[35] enthusiasm for microcredit among government officials, including anti-poverty programs can be motivated to reduce the public health, welfare and education ^{spending. [ reference needed ]} Neff, since the borrower, the success of the model of microcredit is to maintain that it is considered disproportionate in view of the lender (repayment rate, financial viability) and is not. For example, Grameen Bank's high repayment rates, rather than household spending, the number of women who are repeat borrowers has become dependent on loans for capital investment are not ^{reflected. [ reference needed ]} Studies of microcredit programs for women while men are having credit risk women often found to act as mere husband and son to spend the money itself, the collection agent for . See Also monthly payment payday loans . ^{[1], [36]} As a result, has been kept from the work unfolds borrowers pushed into the informal ^{economy. [ citation needed ]}

Many studies in recent years, the disease risk, such as natural disaster and overindebtedness, to be a critical dimension of poverty, and rely heavily on informal savings to manage these risks is very poor have shown that (see, for example, Microfinance Revolution: Sustainable Finance and Bad by Margaret Robinson for). It microfinance institutions are, II notable exceptions like Grameen - in doing so they have very late - and safe in this population if they are expected to provide savings service flexible there. Some experts, most micro-credit institutions that claim to have been overly dependent on foreign capital. Study of micro-credit institutions in Bolivia in 2003, for example, they found that very slow to provide quality No microsavings for services, easy access to cheaper forms of external capital. ^[37] a small source of funds to micro-credit institutions in most developing countries show that represents the global data table from breaking Microbanking ^{savings. [ reference needed ]}

In the position of power locally, field personnel, because it is determined by the rate of repayment as key metrics for their success, their tactics and violent coercive in order to collect installments on micro-credit loans from time to time Please use. Some loan recipients, using a micro-credit loan from the organization to meet the obligations of another interest, sink into the debt cycle. ^[1] In addition, women have increased cash to the local economy contrary to the intent of the original micro-credit scheme to empower one of the effects of injection of a dowry for the daughters of these increased their women are always forced to take a micro-credit loans as the only way to pay dowry. ^[1]

Some microfinance institutions charge Minister M. Saifur Rahman, Bangladesh's former financial planning using excessive interest rates. ^[38] In recent years, the rate quoted by the supplier to many of their microcredit clients use and there is increasing focus on the issue of disclosure of the interest calculation method Flat significantly underestimate the true, annual rate the ^{. [ reference needed ]}

BBC's weekly business program, many of the benefits that should have been associated with microfinance, charming as was once thought that it probably is not reported. In the radio interview with Professor Dean Karlan of Yale University African one, and one control group financed through micro-credit in the Philippines, has raised a point of comparison between the two groups. Results of this study, many of the benefits of microcredit is actually for people with existing businesses, rather than suggesting that a person has been leased to seek to establish new businesses. Many have received micro-credit is a loan used to supplement the family income. Increased profits for business, not only men, was true for women. One of the major beneficiaries of microfinance should be, since it is targeted to women, this is impressive. Professor Karlan conclusion, while micro-credit is not necessarily a bad thing can produce some positive benefits and that's not charging interest rates between 40-60%, even though some lenders, It is a panacea and is not meant to have. He also provides access to basic savings accounts and affordable citizens in poor countries, rather than strictly focusing on the micro-credit has been proposed. See Also military loans fast . ^[39]

In addition, there is extensive research indicating that accumulation of the Grameen Bank does not reach very far down the system and poverty , the [spectrum], either absolute or relative income categories. Since the slope bank clients are clustered around the poverty line the poor and vulnerable non-poor mostly moderate, according to Islam Tazul so, it risks the elimination of below poverty line ^{[40 ].} In addition, many other loans later in the cycle, while to begin to exceed the ability to repay the loans and eventually drop out, the bank's micro-credit programs, often at a high rate dropped after only a few loan cycles and out, the participants of the poor. For women, the loan is seen as a source of capital and the acquisition, by placing it, could lead to the manipulation of women to pressure them to get the credit group membership. There is also criticism over microfinance institution (MFI) is to create a debt trap for poor small force in a way that higher interest rates and recovery ^[41]. In Andhra Pradesh, the villagers take the loans often charge they take a minute second stage in order to clear the loan for the first time they did not recognize the effect of taking a loan of more than interested in knowing was. Check out also michigan installment loans . In addition, several studies, the rate of repayment of a loan of Grameen somewhere near the claim of the bank what it had been used for one quarter at least of the loan, said it does not match the household consumption and there is no serious oversight of banks, problem loans lead to bank defaults and hide delay ^[42].

The study, note that there is increasing domestic violence, women do not need to wait a long time to get a loan or get a loan, time is often the loan is over the husband and the relatives of the man is given. Women, "women's work" likely to maintain control of their loan in the traditional women's work, such as livestock are considered ^[43]. Also, the larger the loan, losing control of their women more. For example, Montgomery studies, the loan is greater than 4,000 TK, 1000 TK is smaller than women, indicating that the loan has a 100% control only 46% of controls ^[44]. Women also can not produce enough when they face the situation of having to rely on male income can lead to new sources of gender patterns of tension in the family-dependent, ^{[45] to} .

The majority of microloans is their empowerment, since women have been awarded under the pretext of securing it must be done in relation to the distribution of women and micro credit for some improvements. ^[Forty-six] Parmar is empowerment, in the form of loans taken by the idea that problems can be given to women (mostly men) working in development, empowerment is claimed to be self-directed process. ^[47] Rebecca Vonderlack the female recipient of the loan that measures will exert complete control over the mortgage market, we believe need to be careful not to have access to. ^[48] Johnson, to include more female employees of micro-credit institutions, argue for gender awareness training for staff and existing. ^[47] Furthermore, in order to reduce the reach of the male sex, and argue that antagonism must be included in the process of lending to women, as men often feel excluded from the micro-credit services. ^[46]

Many scholars and practitioners rather than just hand out money, an integrated package of services ("credit plus" approach) suggests that the. When access to credit that is combined with other services such as such as adding financial services (voluntary savings facilities, unproductive loan facility, insurance ), corporate development (production-oriented management training, marketing support) and welfare-related services (literacy and health services, gender, social awareness training), reducing the adverse effects described above ^[49]. Gupta and Mr. Getz is getting more experienced loan claiming that [companies] need to qualify for a larger loan to ensure the success of the program ^{[50] to} . The use of micro-credit programs being developed by scholars, asserts that there is a need to limit the nature of potentially useful tools in the package they are included, ie, the economic resources to reduce the trap To open the doors of economic opportunity on the poor, they often face ^[51] .

• JDPischke Westview1984
• Kumarian2002
• Kumarian2001
• Fuglesang - - 1993 .
• 1992
• Shailendra Vyakarnam ITDG1988
• Routledge1996
• Rogaly 1997
• Kadaras 2004
• Khandker Shahidur R. 1999
• Ledgerwood DC1998
• ASANGO . ASA1995
• 10 1996
• D.I. 1997
• 2003
• PadmanabahnKP PUBL 1988
• . Germidis D. OECD 1991
• S. DC2001
• XLV 41995
• A.-M.R. Sengupta 1996

24:45-63

• S. 1997
• KabeerN. 1998 ""

IDS363

• MayouxL. 1998a Women's Empowerment and Micro-finance programmes: Approaches,

Evidence and Ways Forward. The Open University Working Paper No 41.

• Rahman, A. (1999). Micro-credit Initiatives for Equitable and Sustainable Development: Who

Pays? World Development 27(1): 67-82.

• CHESTON, S. and KUHN, L. (2002). Empowering Women through Microfinance. Pathways Out of Poverty: Innovations in Microfinance for the Poorest Families
• Harper, A. ( 1995). Providing women in Baltistan with access to loans - potential and problems.

Lahore, AKRSP Pakistan.

• Mutalima, IK, 2006, Microfinance and Gender Equality: Are We Getting There?: Micro Credit

Summit, Halifa, Royal Tropical Institute and Oxfam Novib. http://www.microcreditsummit.org/papers/Workshops/28_Mutalima.pdf

• ZAIDI , S AKBAR, HAROON JAMAL , SARAH JAVEED and SARAH ZAKA. (2007). "Social

Impact Assessment of Microfinance Programmes."